Turkey’s Violent FormationThe decade of war and violence culminating in the Conference of Lausanne was formative for the modern state of Turkey, as it was for interwar Europes diplomacy and appeasement. Yet the currents that gave rise to the defining events of the periodultranationalism, imperial proto fascism, and pan Islamismhave yet to be definitively integrated into historiography. The case studies in Turkeys Violent Formation reappraise key events, concepts, and